ArticleMicrobial ecology2026
Characterizing the Microbiome and Prevalence of Wolbachia in Culex pipiens Complex and Culex restuans Mosquitoes in the Midwest United States.
Article in Microbial ecology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the ecological importance of symbiotic relationships, few studies have explored how microbial communities vary across species complexes or within hybrid zones. We characterized the spatial and temporal variation in microbial communities in Culex pipiens complex and Culex restuans mosquitoes, the most important vectors for West Nile virus in the midwestern United States. Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. restuans mosquitoes were collected monthly from May to September 2023 from three geographic regions (Champaign County, IL, Cook County, IL and Dane County, WI). DNA from individual mosquitoes was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq amplicon sequencing to identify the mosquito species and characterize their bacterial communities. Microbial composition differed between Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. restuans, driven by high relative abundance of Wolbachia in Cx. pipiens complex compared to Cx. restuans, which also contributed to greater within-species microbiome variability. Despite the limited sample sizes for some forms and hybrids, there were no detectable differences in the bacterial diversity or community composition among the five observed Cx. pipiens forms. Microbial diversity also varied regionally and over the sampling season, increasing later in the season. These findings demonstrate a microbial convergence within Cx. pipiens complex and reveal that spatiotemporal factors influence acquisition of environmentally acquired microbes highlighting the dynamic nature of mosquito-microbe interactions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.