Observational studyJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2026
Impact of NSAID type, initiation timing, duration and dose on clinical outcomes of immunotherapy in NSCLC: a multicenter two-cohort study.
Observational study in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05754983 (To Evaluate the Prognostic Risk Factors and Long-term Health Effects of Immunotherapy Patients Based on the Specific Disease Cohort Registered With Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
To Evaluate the Prognostic Risk Factors and Long-term Health Effects of Immunotherapy Patients Based on the Specific Disease Cohort Registered With Patients
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy: A Real-World Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Beyond Hemostasis: Platelets' Multifaceted Functions in Immune Responses.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used medications in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We comprehensively evaluated the effect of NSAID exposure patterns on immunotherapy outcomes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and immune cells.
methodsThis multicenter study employed both prospective and retrospective approaches for patient enrollment. Patients were included if they had advanced NSCLC, and were first-time users of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). Endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Serum and tumor tissue were collected in the prospective subset for PGE2 and immune cell assay.
resultsA total of 1,748 patients were included, with 232 patients prospectively enrolled. After multivariable adjustment, NSAID use was independently associated with improved PFS (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.91, p=0.0053) and OS (HR=0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.98, p=0.0364). Benefit was observed for both before-ICI (HR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.57 to 0.99, p=0.0383) and after-ICI initiation (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.92, p=0.0159). For aspirin, low-dose aspirin users had better PFS than non-users (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.94, p=0.0191), especially when used at least 30 days (HR=0.69, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.99, p=0.0464). Among non-selective NSAIDs, only after-ICI initiation improved OS (HR=0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.99, p=0.0458). Any-grade (57.8% vs 53.4%) and grade ≥3 adverse events (9.2% vs 9.8%) were comparable among NSAID users and non-users. Serum sample indicated that aspirin was associated with less PGE2, which was related to better outcomes. On immune cells, RNA-seq revealed a correlation between the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and neutrophils. Biosample analysis further demonstrated that aspirin use was associated with decreased neutrophils in both circulation and tumor.
conclusionsLong-term low-dose aspirin enhanced immunotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC. PGE2 and neutrophils represented potential biomarkers guiding NSAID-immunotherapy integration. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05754983.
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