Understanding the interplay between urban segregation and accessibility to services with network analysis.

The 15-minute city concept has gained momentum as an urban planning strategy to enhance livability, inclusiveness, and sustainability by ensuring that essential services are within a short walk or bike ride from home. However, while hyper-proximity is often promoted as desirable, its potential side effects on spatial segregation and social exclusion remain underexplored. In this paper, we propose a network-based analytical framework to investigate whether hyper-proximity models - such as the 15-minute city - may inadvertently reinforce spatial segregation by shaping service accessibility and urban transport connectivity. We model cities as complex spatial networks, quantify accessibility using the distribution of relevant Points of Interest (PoIs) and employ closeness centrality as a proxy for connectivity across multiple scales, from residential addresses to network-derived clusters and entire cities. Our results show that areas with better access to services generally exhibit higher connectivity and vice versa. However, this tendency is uneven when looking at socio-demographic factors. Some neighborhoods, particularly lower-income ones, experience both lower accessibility and weaker connectivity. In contrast, certain higher-income neighborhoods display low accessibility and limited connectivity, suggesting patterns of voluntary isolation. These findings indicate that hyper-proximity alone does not guarantee inclusiveness and may mask underlying socio-economic inequalities.