ReviewFrontiers in oncology2026
Recent advances in immunotherapy for bladder cancer: mechanisms, clinical applications, and future perspectives.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Matricellular Proteins in Bladder Cancer: Context-Dependent Roles in Tumor Promotion and Suppression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in the treatment of bladder cancer, propelled by significant advances in immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, adoptive cellular therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, oncolytic viruses, and novel immunomodulatory agents have transformed the therapeutic landscape for both non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in bladder cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, key clinical trial evidence, and emerging resistance pathways. We highlight the rapidly expanding therapeutic roles of ICIs, alongside innovative modalities such as CAR-T cell therapy directed against tumor-associated antigens-including NECTIN4, PSMA, and FRα. Emerging immunotherapeutic targets and therapeutic modalities are comprehensively reviewed. We critically evaluate key clinical trials and systematically assess combination strategies-including ICIs combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, or antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Key determinants of the tumor microenvironment (TME)-such as immunosuppressive cell populations, regulatory cytokines, and metabolic barriers-are examined in the context of their roles in mediating therapeutic resistance. Biomarkers predictive of treatment response-including PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden-are summarized, integrating recent clinical and translational evidence. We conclude by outlining future research directions focused on overcoming therapeutic resistance, refining predictive and prognostic biomarkers, and developing next-generation immunotherapies to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.