ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
When expertise recalibrates perception: skill-dependent dissociation between perceived effort and objective force in calligraphy.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Expertise is traditionally associated with enhanced perceptual accuracy, yet we demonstrate a paradoxical pattern in skilled motor performance: greater expertise corresponds to systematic functional recalibration of effort perception relative to objective force. This study examined how calligraphy skill development alters perceived effort and its consequences for aesthetic judgment, from an embodied cognition perspective. Methods: Sixty calligraphy learners (20 novices, 20 intermediates, 20 experts) wrote five standard Chinese characters while pressure sensors and surface electromyography simultaneously recorded pen-tip pressure, upper limb muscle activation, and subjective effort ratings. Professional judges evaluated the aesthetic quality of all works. Results: Results revealed systematic skill-dependent perceptual recalibration: experts' perceived effort deviated from actual pressure by 60% (recalibration index = 0.347), 4.5 times greater than novices' 15% deviation (0.078), with intermediates showing 40% deviation (0.201). This functional recalibration was strongly associated with muscle synergy reorganization ( Discussion: These findings suggest that perception in skilled performance undergoes functional recalibration to optimize task performance, reflecting an adaptive reorganization shaped by embodied experience rather than veridical representation of physical force. The systematic perceptual recalibration with expertise reveals that expert perception prioritizes task-relevant functional information over veridical physical accuracy.
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