ArticleInternational journal of general medicine2026
Prognosis Impact of Betel Nut on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study.
Article in International journal of general medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: The prognostic impact of betel nut on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether betel nut chewing is an independent prognostic factor in patients treated with standardized surgery. Methods: This retrospective population-based cohort study enrolled 1113 patients with primary OSCC, including 922 betel nut chewers and 191 non-chewers. All patients underwent standardized surgical treatment. The prognostic impact of betel nut chewing was evaluated by returning to all patients and comparing the disease-free survival times between the two groups. The Chi-square test was used to explore the clinical characteristics associated with betel nut chewing. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, univariable Cox regression, and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the prognostic impact of betel nut. Results: No significant difference was observed in the disease-free survival time between chewers and non-chewers in either the overall group or subgroup analyses. Univariable Cox regression analysis indicated that betel nut use was not a prognostic factor. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable Cox regression confirmed that cervical lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and pathological grade were independent risk factors for prognosis, whereas betel nut use had no significant impact on prognosis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the prognosis of OSCC is dictated by the biological stage of the tumor rather than betel nut use. This allows clinicians to develop more objective, precise treatment plans for OSCC patients.
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