A CSGNN model-based method for essential protein identification.

Identification of essential proteins is fundamental for understanding cellular processes and disease mechanisms. However, many existing computational methods do not adequately model dynamic expression activity and often underutilize global network context, which limits prediction accuracy. To address these issues, we propose a Correlation-guided Subgraph Graph Neural Network (CSGNN) for essential protein identification by integrating correlation-guided graph construction with attention-based representation learning. First, we derive an activity-aware expression matrix from periodic gene expression patterns, and we construct a weighted protein network by computing Pearson correlation coefficients between gene pairs. This correlation-guided network further defines first-order and second-order neighborhoods, which provide multi-scale subgraph contexts for each protein. Next, we employ a two-layer attention-based graph convolution to learn node embeddings by aggregating information within these correlation-defined neighborhoods. Finally, we form an interaction-aware node representation by integrating each protein embedding with its neighborhood context, and we use a lightweight multilayer perceptron to output an essentiality probability for each protein. Proteins are then ranked by the predicted scores to identify essential candidates. Experiments on yeast and