ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Comparing acute effects of heavy resistance, plyometric, and complex training on post-activation performance enhancement in elite swimmers: a randomized controlled trial.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an emerging strategy for optimizing pre-competition warm-up in elite swimming. However, substantial heterogeneity exists across studies due to inconsistent load standardization methodologies. Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the acute effects of three PAPE training modalities, heavy resistance training (HRT), plyometric training (PLY), and complex training (COM), on swim start performance and lower body power in elite swimmers, utilizing session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for load equalization. Methods: Forty-seven first-class swimmers (mean age 21.21 ± 0.69 years; training experience 8.08 ± 0.91 years) were randomly allocated to control (n = 11), heavy resistance training (n = 11), plyometric training (n = 12), or complex training (n = 13) groups. All interventions were standardized to achieve equivalent session rating of perceived exertion-time load (sRPE-TL) of 70-80 arbitrary units. The primary outcome was 15-m swim start time (T15m). Secondary outcomes included force platform variables (peak horizontal force, average propulsive force, propulsive impulse, take-off velocity) and land-based power measures (countermovement jump height and peak power). Performance assessments were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-intervention across four separate testing sessions. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d for within-group pre-post comparisons. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA revealed significant group × time interactions for T15m (F (3,43) = 2.339, P = 0.024, η Conclusion: Under sRPE-TL-standardized conditions, complex training elicited greater PAPE responses, with distinct optimal time windows among modalities (PLY: 6 min; HRT: 12 min; COM: 9-12 min), supporting individualized pre-race warm-up programming.
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