Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41918743›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in different types of human urinary tract infections (UTI). A pilot study.

Lena Schröder Alvarez, Iván Conejeros, Gabriel Espinosa, Constanza Salinas-Varas, Benjamin Ott, Markus Weigel, Can Imirzalioglu, Moritz Fritzenwanker, Anita C Windhorst, Torsten Hain and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Lena Schröder AlvarezInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Iván ConejerosInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Gabriel EspinosaInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Constanza Salinas-VarasInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Benjamin OttInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiome-Metagenome Unit (M3U), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Markus WeigelInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiome-Metagenome Unit (M3U), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Can ImirzaliogluInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiome-Metagenome Unit (M3U), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Moritz FritzenwankerInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiome-Metagenome Unit (M3U), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Anita C WindhorstInstitute of Medical Informatics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Torsten HainInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiome-Metagenome Unit (M3U), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Anja TaubertInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Carlos HermosillaInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Florian WagenlehnerClinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of a web-like DNA core, concomitant with nuclear histones, granular peptides and enzymes. NETs in human urine and their potential role in human urinary tract infections (UTI) pathogenesis is still understudied. This pilot study aimed to analyze presence of NETs in urine samples of patients with different types of UTI. Methods: Urine and blood samples were collected from three cohorts: group (A) included females ( Results and discussion: On average, 23.29% ± 16.89% of PMN forming NETs were detected in group A [subgroups cystitis (27.72% ± 17.88%), pyelonephritis (22.75% ± 12.91%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (18.17% ± 17.14%)] and 30.63% ± 17.88% in group B, with no differences observed between UTI groups, including patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. For the control group (group C), a low incidence of NET-releasing cells was observed (0.32% ± 1.42%), resulting in a significant difference (

Indexed as

Extracellular TrapsNeutrophilsUrinary Tract InfectionsAdultAgedBacteriuriaBiomarkersFemaleHumansLeukocyte ElastaseMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPyelonephritisRNA, Ribosomal, 16SBiomarkersLeukocyte ElastaseRNA, Ribosomal, 16SmicrobiomeNETsneutrophilsPMNUTI

Identifiers

PMID41918743
PMCPMC13033559

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.