SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
A multidimensional analysis of neuropsychiatric lupus: clinical, biological and imaging insights from systematic evidence.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is among the most challenging manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems with diverse symptoms. Despite its prevalence, the diagnosis and management of NPSLE remain complex due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations and the lack of specific biomarkers. This study aims to synthesize data from case reports to better understand the clinical, biological, and imaging features of NPSLE. Methods: A systematic review with integrated descriptive and exploratory quantitative analyses of 120 published case reports was conducted, integrating demographic, clinical, biological, and imaging data, as well as therapeutic approaches. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and sex were performed to identify descriptive patterns of presentation and outcomes. Results: Age- and sex-related patterns were observed in disease presentations. Patients presenting at younger ages more frequently exhibited renal and cutaneous involvement, whereas those presenting in adulthood or at older ages more often displayed neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations, including motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders. Male patients exhibited higher rates of severe renal involvement, whereas neuropsychiatric symptoms were more frequently reported, particularly among female cases. Neuroimaging abnormalities were identified in over 80% of patients in whom imaging was performed, with common findings including white matter lesions, cortical atrophy, and focal gray matter involvement. Despite the widespread use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, treatment gaps persisted, particularly in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for the development of biomarker-driven diagnostic tools and targeted therapies to address the unmet needs of NPSLE patients, while advances in imaging and biologics hold promises for improving patient outcomes. These findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating, given the descriptive nature of case-report-based evidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.