ArticleBMC medicine2026
Helminth coinfections mitigate clinical, parasitological, and immune outcomes in Mozambican children with malaria.
Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundClearance of Plasmodium falciparum infection requires a T
methodsWe recruited 441 malaria-symptomatic children aged 2-10 years attending two hospitals in the Manhiça District (Mozambique) and assessed infection by rapid antigen diagnostic test, microscopy, and/or quantitative PCR. Using Luminex, we measured concentrations of 30 cytokines and IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG, and IgG1-4 levels against 12 P. falciparum antigens and total IgE.
resultsAmong 74 children diagnosed with malaria, 22% (16) were coinfected with STH, and 78% (58) had only P. falciparum. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) coinfection associated with lower P. falciparum density (P = 0.005) and fever (P = 0.047). Coinfected children also had lower concentrations of plasma pro-inflammatory (IL-8, TNF, IFNα, IP-10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-10) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, antibody responses to a set of P. falciparum antigens, including SSP2 (IgG1, IgG4, IgG), PTRAMP (IgG3), MSP3 (IgG), RH5 (IgG1), and α-gal (IgG1), as well as total IgE, were elevated in STH coinfected children (P < 0.05).
conclusionsSTH infections were associated with decreased P. falciparum parasitemia, downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced antibody responses, potentially resulting in milder malaria episodes, suggesting enhanced protective immunity.
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