Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41917695›Full record

ArticleEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2026

Factors Associated With Foot Complications Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Semi-Urban Udupi District.

G Arun Maiya, Shubha Hebbar, Prabhath Kalkura, J Vennila, Tina Agnes, Shetty Shrija Jaya, Manjunath Hande, Shashikiran Umakanth, K N Shivashankara, B Ananthakrishna Shastri and 4 more

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Article in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

G Arun MaiyaDepartment of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3811-1350
Shubha HebbarLutheran Homes Group, Gynde, South Australia, Australia.
Prabhath KalkuraUNICEF Hyderabad Field Office for Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
J VennilaFaculty of statistics, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Tina AgnesDepartment of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Shetty Shrija JayaDepartment of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Manjunath HandeDepartment of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Shashikiran UmakanthDepartment of Medicine, Dr. TMA Pai Hospital, Udupi, India.
K N ShivashankaraDepartment of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
B Ananthakrishna ShastriDepartment of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
David G ArmstrongSouthwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
Ashu RastogiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-3102
Neil ReevesLancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
U AnushreeDepartment of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Funding

RailTel Corporation of India LtdWorld Diabetic Foundation WDF-15/941
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDiabetic foot disorders continue to be among the most prevalent and overlooked complications associated with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with diabetic foot complications in semi-urban Udupi District.

methodsThe study was a cross-sectional study. 25,000 individuals living in Udupi district were screened for diabetes mellitus, and among them, 3844 individuals were found to have type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Further, detailed anthropometry and foot assessments were performed for these individuals.

resultsIn this study, a total of 3844 participants aged between 40 and 75 years with T2DM were screened to determine the prevalence of foot complications. The mean age of the study participants was 59.2 years (±11.7). Of the participants, 41.3% were male and 58.7% were female. Neuropathy was present in 9.8% of the participants, and 5.6% of the participants had a foot ulcer. Among 3844 individuals, sensation, pedal pulse, vibration, and foot care awareness were factors associated with diabetic foot complications. The Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) model was also developed, and showed good predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.901 for the right foot and 0.922 for the left foot. The BNN results also show strong predictive performance. Both models predicted diabetic foot complications.

conclusionPrevalence of foot complications is high in the Udupi district, and the presence of risk factors puts the individual at risk for serious complications of T2DM.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic FootAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetic NeuropathiesFemaleHumansIndiaMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk Factorsdiabetic footIndialogistic modelstype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID41917695
PMCPMC13580767

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