ArticleCurrent microbiology2026
Synergistic Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles and Naringenin on lukE/D Genes Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in Current microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesised through a blue laser-enhanced hydrothermal method combined with the flavonoid Naringenin (NAR) against multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates. Sixty S. aureus strains were identified using a combination of morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses (VITEK-2 and 16 S rRNA). All strains showed total resistance (100%) to oxacillin and cefoxitin and high resistance levels (60-90%) for vancomycin, erythromycin and fluoroquinolones. Characterization confirmed hexagonal ZNPs with a crystallite size of 38.78 nm. Disk diffusion assays demonstrated enhanced efficacy of ZNPs-NAR combination, achieved a 16.67 mm inhibition zone (p ≤ 0.0001). Notably, while ZNPs singly suppressed leukocidin toxin genes lukD and lukE by 90.3% and 94.9%, inhibition, and NAR reduced expression by 62.4% and 61.9%, the ZNPs-NAR combination showed lower gene suppression (59.3% and 52.8%) yet superior bactericidal activity. This discrepancy reveals that the enhanced bactericidal effect stems not from amplified transcriptional inhibition, but from complementary mechanisms: ZNPs likely disrupt bacterial membranes to facilitate NAR uptake, while NAR concurrently interferes with intracellular targets like DNA replication. The findings demonstrate that nanoparticle-phytochemical combinations can achieve superior antimicrobial effects through synergistic mechanisms, offering a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant infections and reduce reliance on conventional antibiotics.
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