ArticleGut2026
Commonly prescribed drugs as risk factors for
Article in Gut, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dietary and nutritional strategies for reducing disease risk associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Influence of COVID-19 on Clinical Outcomes ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Outcome observability in evidence on proton pump inhibitor-associatedFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background
objectivesTo investigate the association between antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with microbiome-modulating activity on new occurrences of CDI.
designWe conducted a Swedish population-based case-control study from 2006 to 2019 including 42 921 cases matched with 355 159 population controls on age and sex, obtained from multiple linked Swedish registries. The effect of antibiotic and non-antibiotic use within 30 days from the index date on CDI occurrence was estimated using multivariable conditional logistic regression additionally with a lasso penalty. Models were adjusted for age and sex by design and for Charlson Comorbidity Index and concomitant drug use, providing adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CIs.
resultsAntibiotics with the greatest CDI risk were lincosamides (aOR=31.4, 95% CI 27.9 to 35.3), combinations of penicillins (aOR=19.8, 95% CI 15.9 to 24.5), sulfonamides and trimethoprim, and cephalosporins, though no association for tetracyclines. Among non-antibiotic drugs, we found decreased risks of CDI for lipid-modifiers (aOR=0.8, 95% CI 0.8 to 0.8) and aspirin (aOR=0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.8) and increased risks for antidiarrhoeals (aOR=7.3, 95% CI 6.8 to 7.8), corticosteroids (aOR=2.4, 95% CI 2.3 to 2.5), proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) (aOR=1.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 1.8), nervous system drugs, constipation drugs, histamine H2-receptor antagonists, antidepressants, and beta blockers, but no significant risk for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
conclusionsWe found varying effects of antibiotics on CDI, providing evidence for ongoing efforts in prudent prescribing decisions and antimicrobial stewardship. We confirmed PPI as a main risk factor for CDI and provided new evidence for other non-antibiotic drugs as potentially important risk factors considering their high prescription prevalence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41916675What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.