Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41916200›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2026

Late adolescent nonmedical prescription stimulant sources and links to young adult nonmedical stimulant use and sources.

Ty S Schepis, Sean Esteban McCabe, Brady T West, Jason A Ford, John Jardine, Philip T Veliz

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Ty S SchepisDepartment of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA; Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: schepis@txstate.edu.
Sean Esteban McCabeCenter for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Brady T WestCenter for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jason A FordCenter for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
John JardineCenter for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Philip T VelizCenter for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

Monitoring the Future: Drug Use & Lifestyles of American Youth (Supp1: Nicotine Pouch and E-cigarette Use Among US Adolescents: National Estimates of Brand Use and Flavor Preferences)R01DA001411 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Richard A Miech · 1985 to 2026
$144.9M
Trajectories of Prescription Nonmedical Drug MisuseR01DA031160 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI SEAN ESTEBAN MCCABE · 2011 to 2026
$3.7M
Prescription Drug Misuse Characteristics in Adolescents and Young Adults: Influence of School EnrollmentR01DA043691 · NIDA · TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY · PI TY Stephen SCHEPIS · 2017 to 2026
$1.8M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA001411NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA031160NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA043691
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSpecific sources for nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NMPSU) are linked to different rates of concurrent substance use (e.g., cannabis use) in adolescents and young adults. This study investigates whether NMPSU sources at age 17-18 (baseline) are linked to greater odds of NMPSU over young adulthood (19-30 years) and whether sources are consistent across development.

methodsData were from the 2007-2020 longitudinal Monitoring the Future panel study, with 1244 observations from 876 unique participants with any past-year NMPSU source data. NMPSU sources included given for free, theft, purchases, from one's own prescription, or other sources. Multiple source use was also captured. Analyses estimated NMPSU sources by age group (17-18 vs. 19-30) and NMPSU and source use at ages 19-30 based on NMPSU sources at ages 17-18.

resultsWhen compared to older adolescents, young adults were more likely to obtain stimulant medication from peers or family for free (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.10, 2.28), while NMPSU from one's own prescription (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.65) and other source use (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.21, 0.69) were less common. Sources at ages 17-18 did not predict prevalence of past-year NMPSU at ages 19-30; similarly, sources were not consistent across the study period.

conclusionsNMPSU sources in late adolescence were not related to NMPSU in young adulthood, and sources were not consistent. Stimulant medication sources may be a better indicator of current risky behavior than of longer-term substance use.

Indexed as

Central Nervous System StimulantsPrescription Drug MisuseSubstance-Related DisordersAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleTheftUnited StatesYoung AdultCentral Nervous System StimulantsCNS stimulantPrescription drug diversionPrescription drug misuseYoung adult

Identifiers

PMID41916200
PMCPMC13213616

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.