Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41914054›Full record

ArticleJournal of oral & facial pain and headache2026

Validity and reliability of the 8-item version of the jaw functional limitation scale (JFLS-8) in the Arabic language.

Ziad Azar, Christelle Haddad, Lynn Fayad, Tia Azar, Tylor Cosgrove, Mirna Fawaz, Sahar Obeid, Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Souheil Hallit

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of oral & facial pain and headache, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ziad AzarSchool of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
Christelle HaddadSchool of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
Lynn FayadSchool of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
Tia AzarSchool of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
Tylor CosgroveSchool of Psychology, University of South Australia, 5000 Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Mirna FawazSchool of Nursing, Beirut Arab University, 1107 Beirut, Lebanon.
Sahar Obeid *Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Jbeil, Lebanon.
Feten Fekih-Romdhane *The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, 2010 Manouba, Tunisia.
Souheil Hallit *School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Jaw Function Limitation Scale (JFLS) is a recently developed instrument that assesses specific jaw function limitations and objective restrictions in daily activities such as chewing, jaw mobility, and verbal communication in a valid and reliable manner. The scale has been translated and validated in several languages and contexts, but no Arabic version is currently available. To address the absence of a validated tool for assessing jaw dysfunction in Arabic-speaking populations, this study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the 8-item version of the JFLS.

methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between August and October 2025 and included 427 Arabic-speaking adults from Lebanon. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to validate the scale.

resultsThe analysis supported a three-factor structure. Internal reliability was satisfactory, with high internal consistency coefficients (ω = 0.93/α = 0.93). Measurement invariance across gender was confirmed, with no significant differences between males and females in jaw function limitation scores. Greater jaw function limitation was significantly associated with increased insomnia, psychological distress, and neck disability, supporting the scale's convergent validity.

conclusionsThis study provides a brief, valid, and reliable Arabic version of the 8-item JFLS for assessing jaw and masticatory functional limitations in Arabic-speaking populations. The scale has potential applications in clinical assessment, intervention planning, and cross-cultural research.

Indexed as

JawAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLanguageLebanonMaleMasticationMiddle AgedPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesArabicJaw dysfunctionPsychometric propertiesReliabilityValidity

Identifiers

PMID41914054
PMCPMC13036609

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.