ArticleApplied spatial analysis and policy2026
Evaluating the Use of Google Street View to Visually Verify the Locations of Cannabis Retailers in the United States Extracted from Websites, 2015-2018.
Article in Applied spatial analysis and policy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Our ability to advance public health and policy responses to cannabis legalization is limited by a lack of geographic data on cannabis retailers across states and over time. This study evaluated the feasibility and utility of using Google Street View (GSV) to: 1) visually verify cannabis retailers locations extracted from websites and (2) create a historical retailer list. We extracted and deduplicated cannabis retailer addresses from 6 websites advertising medical and adult use cannabis retailers across 13 US states in February 2019. We visually verified the locations of cannabis retailers in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, summarizing results by state and year. We assessed proportions of verified retailers within and across the legislative period in which states first legalized medical cannabis (ballot [1996-1999], early [2000-2008], late [2009-2018]) using a Chi-square test. Of 1,739 retailers, 74% were visually verified at least one year between 2015 and 2018. Verification was ≥ 74% in all but California and Florida in 2018. Visual verification prior to 2017 was low, largely due to missing GSV images. Proportions of visually verified retailers varied between states legalizing medical cannabis in the ballot (
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