ReviewNature immunology2026
Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.
Review in Nature immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex- and menopause-related differences in immune and gastrointestinal symptom architecture in ME/CFS: evidence from factor analysis and structural equation modeling.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Design with women in mind.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Review
- The Gut-Brain-Muscle Axis: Microbial Regulation of Neuromuscular Aging and Cognitive Frailty.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Long-Lasting Antibody and CD8Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- The cardiovascular risk marker itaconate is sex-dependently associated with legume intake and immune-inflammatory competence in subjects with high BMI.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences in immune function arise from sex chromosome complement, which drives differential expression and activity of X-linked genes in immune cells, and gonadal steroids that transcriptionally regulate innate and adaptive immune cells through their respective receptors. These fundamental differences shape divergent outcomes between male and female individuals in viral and bacterial infections, post-acute infection syndromes and vaccine responses throughout the lifespan. Understanding these sex-specific immune mechanisms represents a critical frontier for developing novel therapeutic targets and advancing personalized medicine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41912768What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.