ArticleScientific reports2026
Determinants of healthcare utilisation among post-COVID syndrome patients: a population-based study in Malaysia.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) occurs three months after the initial onset of COVID-19 without an alternative diagnosis. The exponential PCS case growth has significantly influenced healthcare utilisation. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with healthcare utilisation among post-COVID syndrome (PCS) patients in Selangor, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2023 and November 2023 at the Hospital Sungai Buloh COVID-19 Rehabilitation Outpatient Specialised Services (CROSS) Centre. Adults aged ≥ 18 years with ongoing COVID-19–related symptoms persisting for more than 12 weeks after acute illness were included using universal sampling. Proportional distributions of sociodemographic factors, health status, post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and mental health outcomes (DASS-21) were assessed. The factors associated with healthcare utilisation were evaluated using a multiple regression model. Of 220 patients, 58.6% were male. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) patient age was 53.04 ± 12.87 years, and 64.5% of the patients were Malay. Overall, the patients’ mean ± SD of EQ-5D-5 L index, and EQ-VAS scores were 0.90 ± 0.143 and 78.25 ± 9.905, respectively. The depression, anxiety, and stress mean scores were categorised as normal. The mean ± SD number of outpatient clinic visits was 3.26 ± 1.24. The multiple regression model indicated statistically significant associations of the current vaccine doses (β = 0.121; p = 0.049), history of hospitalisation (β = 0.156; p = 0.012), history of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (β = 0.275; p < 0.001), chest pain (β = 0.137; p = 0.029), and EQ-VAS score (β = -0.257; p = 0.012) on higher healthcare utilisation. These results could be used as a model for implementing future healthcare management and programs related to PCS to provide Malaysian patients with proper support.
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