ArticleMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)2026
From Stem Cells to Post-gastrulation Amnioids (PGAs): A Protocol to Model Human Extra-Embryonic Development.
Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Successful embryonic development is a collaborative process: the embryo relies on the support of extra-embryonic and maternal tissues. However, understanding early human development is challenging due to the ethical and technical limitations. The generation of stem cell-based models that mimics embryonic and/or extra-embryonic tissues provides in vitro platforms to study human embryogenesis. We recently developed a 3D embryonic stem cell-derived model that mimics the post-gastrulation amnion and extra-embryonic tissues. These structures, which we call post-gastrulation amnioids (PGAs), capture early human amnion development up to the formation of a mature fluid-filled amniotic sac-like membrane composed of two cell layers of inner amniotic ectoderm and an outer extra-embryonic mesoderm. PGAs gradually expand in culture and exhibit functional traits of human amnion. PGAs are highly reproducible and can be scaled for high throughput studies. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for PGA generation and their morphological characterization by immunofluorescence staining as well as a co-culture assay to begin to understand interactions between extra-embryonic and embryonic cells.
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