ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2026
Binocular Vision Anomalies in Scotland at Age 3.5-5.5 Years: An Epidemiological Study.
Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Evaluation of a Novel Autostereoscopic Three-Dimensional System for Binocular Visual Function: A Comparative Validation Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
purposeScotland has comprehensive vision screening at age 3.5-5.5 years, with ~85% participation (40,000-50,000 episodes annually). Orthoptists deliver the screening, including presenting vision and tests for binocular vision anomalies (BVAnom). The aims were to investigate (1) changes in the prevalence of BVAnom, 2013-2022 and (2) whether less comprehensive screening of solely presenting vision would detect BVAnom.
methodsData from eight Scottish Health Boards were available for 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. Binocular vision tests included cover test, ocular motility (OM) and additional tests (near point of convergence, 20Δ base out, pass/fail stereopsis). Data were analysed to determine the prevalence of various BVAnom and adequacy of screening if based solely on vision.
resultsFrom 2013 to 2022, there was a statistically significant increase in prevalence of exotropia (including intermittent; r
conclusionsIn a large population of children in Scotland aged 3.5-5.5 years, the prevalence of BVAnom is increasing, especially exotropia. Many cases of BVAnom would not be detected by solely assessing presenting vision, highlighting the benefits of including binocular vision tests in vision screening. It is recommended that vision screening is repeated during the school years.
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