ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Meibum Lipid Saturation Related to Dry Eye, Age, and Sex Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Direct Correlation of Levels of Meibum Cholesteryl Esters, Hydrocarbon Chain Saturation, and Protein With Lipid Structure, in Relation to Age and Dry Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbon chains (HCunsat) is likely to play an important role in determining the stability, order, and fluidity of lipids in the tear film lipid layer. The HCunsat of meibum lipids was investigated in relationship with age, sex, dry eye, Sjögren's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and treatment for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods: Meibum was expressed and HCunsat was measured using 1H-NMR resonances at 5.33 and 2.00 ppm. HCunsat levels were normalized to the level of wax esters, cholesteryl esters, and hydrocarbons. Results: HCunsat levels, normalized to lipid esters, were found to be 20% to 40% lower in individuals aged >50 years compared with those <50 years (P < 0.05) and showed a linear age-dependent decrease with age (P < 0.001). No substantial changes were observed with sex and race, except for a 24% reduction in a small Hispanic group (P = 0.0078) compared with Caucasians. A cohort with dry eye had a ∼13% lower level of HCunsat, whereas cohorts susceptible to dry eye such as those with Sjögren's syndrome, Parkinson's, and graft-versus-host disease had a ∼35% lower HCunsat levels compared with a cohort without dry eye (P < 0.05). Experimental deviations were minimal (<4%). Conclusions: Meibum HCunsat decreases with age and is lower with dry eye, Sjögren's syndrome, and Parkinson's disease cohorts compared with a cohort without dry eye. This decrease in HCunsat is expected to contribute to lipid aggregation, decreased lipid spreading, and meibomian gland outflow. ¹H-NMR was effective for quantifying major meibum lipids.
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