ArticleO&G open2026
Two Perioperative Ketorolac Dosing Regimens After Cesarean Delivery and Opioid Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Article in O&G open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05248984 (Dosing of Ketorolac Impacts Post-cesarean paiN manaGemenet), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Dosing of Ketorolac Impacts Post-cesarean paiN manaGemenet (KING): A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate an initial intravenous loading dose of ketorolac 60 mg compared with 30 mg immediately after cesarean delivery and postoperative opioid requirements.
methodsThis was a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial of pregnant individuals undergoing cesarean delivery under regional anesthesia at a large academic medical center between June 2022 and October 2023. Enrolled participants were randomized to receive an initial loading dose of 60 mg (intervention) or 30 mg (control) of intravenous ketorolac in the operating room at the end of surgery. Demographics, pregnancy, and surgical characteristics were collected. The primary outcome was morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) in the first 24 hours after delivery. Secondary outcomes included MMEs postoperatively during the delivery admission, postpartum pain scores (scored 0-10) assessed with the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, and time from the end of cesarean delivery to first opioid administration. Summary statistics and bivariate analysis were performed. Outcomes were compared between the two study groups with the two-sample
resultsOf 418 patients screened for eligibility, 92 were enrolled and randomized to receive a 60-mg (n=46) or 30-mg (n=46) loading dose of intravenous ketorolac. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The median opioid consumption in the first 24 hours postoperatively was 7.5 MMEs (interquartile range 0-15 MMEs) in the intervention group and 7.5 MMEs (interquartile range 0-22.5 MMEs) in the control group (
conclusionAn initial loading dose of 60 mg compared with 30 mg of intravenous ketorolac after cesarean delivery resulted in lower postoperative opioid use without an increase in treatment-related adverse events. However, the effect size was small, and future studies may better address the clinical utility of ketorolac loading dose. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05248984.
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Registered trials
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