ArticleNAR genomics and bioinformatics2026
G/C-ending and synonymous codon bias define functional translational programs that shape human tissue and cancer proteomes.
Article in NAR genomics and bioinformatics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Codon usage bias is a fundamental feature of the genetic code, yet its impact on messenger RNA translation is incompletely defined. Here, we integrate comparative genomics, human tissue proteomes, large cancer cell line, and patient cancer datasets to reveal a conserved codon-bias axis. Across mammals, we show that GC-biased gene conversion drives human-specific GC3 (third codon nucleotide bias score) drifts, yet the functional dichotomy is maintained: A/T-ending codons associate with proliferation and RNA processing, while G/C-ending (Third nucleotide Guanine or Cytosine) codons associate with differentiation and neuronal functions. At the isoacceptors level, synonymous codons segregate into distinct functional categories. To mechanistically connect codon usage to cancer, we introduce the ANN- and m
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