ArticleMedical physics2026
Real-time energy measurement of clinical carbon ion beams using a cross-correlation time-of-flight method with parallel-plate chambers.
Article in Medical physics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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16 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT), the beam energy determines both the particle range and the overall dosimetric quality. Range-verification QA devices such as Zebra and Giraffe, which are based on multilayer ionization chambers (MLICs), can verify the range but only under dedicated QA conditions, leaving any energy deviations introduced by nozzle components undetected in real time. In particular, nozzle structures such as ridge filters can broaden or modulate the energy spectrum, causing the effective energy delivered to the patient to differ from the nominal accelerator setting. These limitations highlight the need for a real-time method capable of verifying the beam energy under actual clinical operating conditions. PURPOSE: We proposed a TOF-based beam-energy measurement concept that leverages a cross-correlation analysis of full detector waveforms. Compact and radiation-hard parallel-plate chambers (PPCs) were developed and evaluated, in contrast to prior TOF systems based on semiconductor detectors.
methodsPPCs (2.5 cm diameter active area, 0.4 mm gas gap) were operated in CO
resultsThe PPCs operated stably for all beam conditions. Under pencil-beam delivery and normalized to 1 s acquisitions, the timing precision of the mean TOF (standard error) remained within 1 ps for both detector separations, scaling with
conclusionsWe demonstrated that compact CO
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