ArticleBMC medical imaging2026
Scan-rescan reproducibility and interobserver reliability of T1 and T2 measurements of extraocular muscles using a multi-dynamic multi-echo MRI sequence.
Article in BMC medical imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundQuantitative assessment of extraocular muscles (EOMs) is crucial for the clinical management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and other orbital disorders. The multi-dynamic multi-echo (MDME) sequence is a synthetic MRI technique acquiring 2D multi-echo images via turbo spin echo or a combination of gradient echo and spin echo methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the scan-rescan reproducibility and interobserver reliability of T1 and T2 quantification in the EOMs using MDME sequence.
methodsIn this prospective study, twenty-two healthy volunteers underwent two MDME scans (interval, 7-14 days) on a 3T MRI system with a 20-channel head-neck coil. Quantitative T1 and T2 maps were generated using post-processing software. Two observers independently outlined regions-of-interest within the EOMs to extract T1 and T2 relaxation times. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analyses were employed to assess reproducibility and agreement.
resultsNineteen subjects (mean age 40.3 ± 10.5 years) were finally analyzed. The median scan-rescan interval was 9 days [interquartile range (IQR), 7-14]. Scan-rescan reproducibility was good for T1 value (first scan: 933.4 [892.5-1102.5] ms, second scan: 956.4 [856.7-1069.9] ms, ICC = 0.694, bias = 28.1 ms, CV = 8.47%) and moderate for T2 value (first scan: 91.1 [86.5-99.7] ms, second scan: 97.2 [89.5-108.5] ms, ICC = 0.587, bias = - 3.5 ms, CV = 8.42%). Interobserver agreement was excellent (T1: ICC ≥ 0.968, absolute bias ≤ 11.4 ms, CV ≤ 1.92%; T2: ICC ≥ 0.927, absolute bias ≤ 1.3 ms, CV ≤ 2.05%).
conclusionThe MDME sequence enables rapid and reproducible T1 and T2 quantification of EOMs with excellent interobserver reliability, demonstrating promising potential as a practical and feasible routine tool for quantitative assessment of orbital disorders, particularly thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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