Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41904284›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Mathematical modeling of adaptive information security strategies using composite behavior models.

Ahmed Al Nuaim, Abdullah Al Nuaim, Mohd Nadeem, Alka Agrawal

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ahmed Al NuaimDepartment of Management Information System, School of Business, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah Al NuaimDepartment of Management Information System, School of Business, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Mohd NadeemDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memeorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India. mohd.nadeem1155@gmail.com.
Alka AgrawalDepartment of Information Technology, School for Information Science and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, UP, India. dralka@bbau.ac.in.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Most existing adaptive information security approaches focus on simplified behavioral patterns and work as isolated models. This limits their effectiveness against advanced and dynamic cyber threats. Therefore, there is an emergent requirement for a mathematically unified framework that can dynamically capture and forecast the aggregate behavior of both the attacker and the defender in a complex environment. The paper proposes a mathematical modeling approach that combines composite behavior models into adaptive information security strategies. The framework encapsulates heterogeneous behavioral patterns into a unified dynamic model that can adapt to an ever-changing threat landscape. This result in novel adaptation rules derived from system dynamics and game theory, with the aim of enabling proactive defense mechanisms that can adapt to real-time challenges posed by adversary actors. The outcomes presented in this paper demonstrate strong improvements in threat detection, mitigation speed, and resource optimization through systematic model implementation, comprehensive simulation, and positive statistical hypothesis testing. The comparison reveals that the proposed method is generally superior to existing methods in scalability and effectiveness. It presents a new class of adaptive cybersecurity models that have deeper behavioral insights and enhanced resilience in complicated threat environments.

Indexed as

Adaptive security frameworkAttacker-defender interactionBehavior-driven security adaptationComposite behavior modelingMulti-model integrationStochastic cyber-physical systems

Identifiers

PMID41904284
PMCPMC13040011

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.