ArticleScientific reports2026
Synergistic activity of carvacrol in combination with permethrin against permethrin resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The rapid escalation of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus annulatus poses a significant threat to livestock health and productivity, necessitating the development of effective resistance-breaking tools. This study characterized the high-level resistance status of R. annulatus populations in Mazandaran Province, Iran, and evaluated the synergistic potential of carvacrol in combination with permethrin. Field-collected ticks and a susceptible reference strain were evaluated in triplicate using adult immersion tests (AIT), ovicidal assays, larval immersion tests (LIT), and larval packet tests (LPT). Results revealed widespread permethrin resistance; resistance ratios (RR50) reached 111.32 in the LPT, with RR90 values in the LIT reaching 253.75. Biochemical assays indicated a robust metabolic basis for this resistance, with significantly elevated activities of alpha-esterase, beta-esterase, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the resistant larvae (p < 0.01–0.0001). Importantly, carvacrol demonstrated potent synergism when combined with permethrin. The 1:4 (permethrin: carvacrol) ratio yielded the highest synergistic rates (SR), reaching 38.00 in adults and 47.46 in larvae, with isobologram analysis confirming strong synergistic interactions (FIC < 1) across all tested combinations. These findings provide the first report of carvacrol-permethrin synergism against R. annulatus. Integrating carvacrol into pest management strategies may provide a promising, sustainable approach to overcoming metabolic resistance and restoring the efficacy of conventional pyrethroids.
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