Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41903300›Full record

ArticleThe journal of nutrition, health & aging2026

Prospective study of breakfast frequency and timing and risk of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in community-dwelling older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Leah E Cahill, Navjot Sandila, Rania A Mekary, Mary L Biggs, Allie S Carew, Ratika Parkash, Karthik Tennankore, Olga Theou, Robin Urquhart, Luc Djoussé and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Leah E CahillDepartment of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: leah.cahill@dal.ca.
Navjot SandilaResearch Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada. Electronic address: Navjot.Sandila@nshealth.ca.
Rania A MekaryDepartment of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, United States. Electronic address: rania.mekary@mcphs.edu.
Mary L BiggsDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. Electronic address: mlbiggs@uw.edu.
Allie S CarewDepartment of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: al515142@dal.ca.
Ratika ParkashDepartment of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Halifax Infirmary, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada. Electronic address: Ratika.Parkash@nshealth.c.
Karthik TennankoreDepartment of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada. Electronic address: KarthikK.Tennankore@nshealth.ca.
Olga TheouDepartment of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada; School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: Olga.Theou@nshealth.ca.
Robin UrquhartQueen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS Canada; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Electronic address: Robin.Urquhart@nshealth.ca.
Luc DjousséDivision on Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States. Electronic address: ldjousse@bwh.harvard.edu.
Kenneth J MukamalDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline, MA, United States. Electronic address: kmukamal@bidmc.harvard.edu.

Funding

Infrastructure for mentored access to CHS data and specimensR01HL172803 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI James S Floyd, Michelle Christina Odden · 2025 to 2026
$2.7M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL172803
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesBecause it is unknown whether breakfast frequency and timing are associated with long-term risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary artery disease (CAD) among older adults, this study aimed to assess relationships between breakfast frequency/timing and MI/CAD risk among older adults and determine whether they depend on sex or cardiometabolic risk factors. DESIGN AND

settingProspective cohort study of older American adults. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Weekly breakfast frequency and usual daily breakfast time were assessed by questionnaire in 4070 adults aged ≥ 65 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were prospectively followed for up to 26 years. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.

resultsDuring follow-up, 1617 CAD cases were documented (795 MI cases). Although consuming breakfast 7 days/week (85.3%) and 'breaking-fast' between 07:00 and 09:00am (72.6%) were both associated with higher education and socioeconomic status, being married, not smoking, and consuming fruits and vegetables, neither breakfast frequency nor breakfast timing was associated with risk of CAD or MI in males, females, or altogether. In pre-specified analyses, compared with participants who ate breakfast daily, those who did not eat breakfast daily had an HR for MI of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.02) if their body mass index (BMI) was ≥30 kg/m

conclusionBreakfast frequency and timing were not associated with either higher or lower risk of MI and CAD in these older adults. Although a priori stratification by cardiometabolic risk factors may have revealed potential trends, the findings must be confirmed in a larger study.

Indexed as

BreakfastCoronary Artery DiseaseFeeding BehaviorMyocardial InfarctionAgedFemaleHumansIndependent LivingIntermittent FastingMaleProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesTime FactorsUnited StatesBreakfast frequencyBreakfast timingChrononutritionCoronary heart diseaseMyocardial infarctionNutrition

Identifiers

PMID41903300
PMCPMC13054607

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.