Fish diversity and community turnover across protection zones in multiuse marine protected areas.

Multiuse marine protected areas (MMPAs) with varying levels of protection in different zones are increasingly being adopted to balance conservation and socioeconomic goals. However, the effect of these zone-based strategies on fish diversity is not well understood. We used environmental DNA surveys across zones with different protection levels (fully protected, highly protected, and lightly protected) in three typical Chinese MMPAs, while controlling for environmental factors and human activities, to examine fish species composition and richness among zones. Contrary to expectations, sites with high levels of protection had lower fish species richness than sites with lower levels of protection. Turnover in community composition between fully protected and less protected zones was 88.4% and accounted for 96.4% of pairwise dissimilarities. Rather than diminishing the importance of high-level protection, our results showed that a tiered zoning approach can sustain fish species richness and limit biotic homogenization. Our results challenge the assumption that strict protection universally leads to high species richness and demonstrate that nuanced multilevel protection zoning may be more effective at preserving marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions at broader spatial scales.