Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41902266›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of

Shatha Ata Abdulgader, Ibrahim M Aziz, Abdulhadi M Abdulwahed, Reem M Aljowaie, Mohamed A Farrag, Abdulaziz M Almuqrin, Noorah A Alkubaisi, Fahad N Almajhdi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Shatha Ata AbdulgaderDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0009-0008-8166-8585
Ibrahim M AzizDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-6970-5207
Abdulhadi M AbdulwahedDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0009-0006-8600-4118
Reem M AljowaieDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-5950-0497
Mohamed A FarragDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-5632-6750
Abdulaziz M AlmuqrinDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0009-0004-7025-6543
Noorah A AlkubaisiDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-8847-323X
Fahad N AlmajhdiDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-0135-7015

Funding

King Saud University ORF-2026-418
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInfluenza B virus (IBV) undergoes continuous genetic mutations that can affect vaccine effectiveness and immune evasion. Although considerable research on IBV epidemiology exists globally, understanding of its genetic behavior in Saudi Arabia remains limited. This study characterized the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the 2024-2025 influenza season and evaluated compatibility with the current vaccine strain.

methodsNasopharyngeal samples (

resultsOf the 363 samples analyzed, 68 (18.7%) tested positive for IBV, with the majority occurring in adult females aged 15-64 years. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all seven IBV isolates belonged to the Victoria lineage under subclade V1A.3a.2, corresponding to the current vaccine strain and strains from the 2022-2023 epidemic season. However, molecular analysis identified two substitutions (D129N and D197E) located in antigenic loop-150 and 190-helix, respectively, in the HA polypeptide that distinguished our strains from vaccine strain B/Austria/1359417/2021. Importantly, the N-glycosylation site at position 169 (NKT), which was present in B/Riyadh/1/2010, has been lost in the IBV strains circulating during 2020-2025.

conclusionsWhile phylogenetic clade compatibility indicates potential vaccine efficacy, the identified amino acid variations and loss of the glycosylation site underscore the necessity for ongoing molecular surveillance to monitor antigenic changes and evaluate vaccine effectiveness within the Saudi Arabian population.

Indexed as

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza B virusInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesNeuraminidasePhylogenyViral ProteinsAdolescentAdultAmino Acid SubstitutionFemaleGenome, ViralGenomicsGlycosylationHumansMiddle AgedHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza VaccinesNA protein, influenza B virusNeuraminidaseViral Proteinsinfluenza B virusmolecular epidemiologyN-linked glycosylationphylogenetic analysisvaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID41902266
PMCPMC13030605

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.