Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41902190›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Rural Kentucky, 2021-2023.

James W Keck, Reuben Adatorwovor, Ann Noble, Savannah Tucker, William D Strike, Soroosh Torabi, Mohammad Dehghan Banadaki, Blazan Mijatovic, Steven K Roggenkamp, Donna L McNeil and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

James W KeckDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7193-065X
Reuben AdatorwovorDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0503-3173
Ann NobleDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-7378-6466
Savannah TuckerDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
William D StrikeDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
Soroosh TorabiDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
Mohammad Dehghan BanadakiDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6448-3505
Blazan MijatovicDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
Steven K RoggenkampInstitute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
Donna L McNeilKentucky Water Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-5375-5492
Lindell E OrmsbeeDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6762-5847
Scott M BerryDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.

Funding

Wastewater Assessment for Coronavirus in Kentucky: Implementing Enhanced Surveillance TechnologyU01DA053903 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI BERRY, SCOTT M · 2021 to 2022
$3.4M
National Science Foundation 2412446NIDA NIH HHS 1U01DA053903-01NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA053903
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2 provided useful public health information during the COVID-19 pandemic yet was underutilized in rural communities. We addressed this gap by implementing wastewater surveillance and assessing its performance in 10 communities in Eastern Kentucky. We collected wastewater samples 1-2 times weekly at 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from May 2021 until April 2023 and measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations using polymerase chain reaction testing. We calculated time-lagged correlations between wastewater concentrations and county-level reported COVID-19 cases by site. We developed a generalized linear model to estimate COVID-19 incidence from wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. The 10 participating WWTPs served 2430 to 35,575 customers, and 90% were in rural counties. We cumulatively analyzed 818 wastewater samples. Correlations between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and COVID-19 cases were significant at seven of the WWTPs and were strongest during the Delta variant period. The incidence density model predicted more COVID-19 cases during the latter study period (May 2022-April 2023) than were officially reported. Wastewater surveillance data in these rural communities corroborated clinical case data and may have more accurately described community disease levels later in the pandemic.

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2WastewaterWastewater-Based Epidemiological MonitoringHumansIncidenceKentuckyRNA, ViralRural PopulationRNA, ViralWastewaterCOVID-19epidemiologic modelruralSARS-CoV-2wastewater surveillance

Identifiers

PMID41902190
PMCPMC13030766

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.