Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41901024›Full record

ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Reopening Motor Learning Windows: Targeted Re-Engagement of Latent Pathways via Non-Invasive Neuromodulation.

Diego Mac-Auliffe, Akhil Surapaneni, José Del R Millán

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Diego Mac-AuliffeCenter for Perceptual Systems, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5377-8356
Akhil SurapaneniChandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7408-461X
José Del R MillánChandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5819-1522

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Motor recovery after stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury reflects relearning rather than simple restitution, as surviving circuits retain plastic potential that can be re-engaged through temporally precise stimulation. This review synthesizes convergent findings demonstrating that Hebbian and spike-timing-dependent mechanisms govern reorganization across cortical, striatal, and spinal levels. Leveraging these timing rules to shape excitability during receptive network states enables durable changes in connectivity and behavior. This effect depends on temporal precision, physiological state, and reinforcement-not stimulus intensity alone-within plasticity windows regulated by metaplastic mechanisms that determine whether Hebbian processes are expressed. Together, these principles define a translational framework for neurorehabilitation, emphasizing biomarker-guided, adaptive, and scalable strategies aligned with intrinsic rules of experience-dependent reorganization.

Indexed as

brain–computer interfaceclosed-loop stimulationcortical–spinal connectivityHebbian plasticitymotor learningmotor recoveryneuromodulationneurorehabilitationplasticity windowsspike-timing-dependent plasticity

Identifiers

PMID41901024
PMCPMC13027755

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.