ArticleMicromachines2026
A Battery-Free, Data-Informed UV Dose Sensor Made of Laser-Induced Graphene and Bio-Derived Electrolytes.
Article in Micromachines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
This study presents a sustainable, battery-free UV (ultraviolet) dose sensor designed for intelligent food packaging applications. The device integrates laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, a ZnO-CNT (carbon nanotube) UV-active composite, and a bio-derived ionochromic cell composed of blueberry anthocyanins and a NaCl electrolyte. This work advances the platform by introducing a quantitative and predictive dose-color mapping framework for cumulative UV detection under zero-bias operation. A controlled charge-injection protocol was employed to emulate UV-generated photocurrent, enabling systematic investigation of charge-transfer-driven ionochromic kinetics across five current levels (0.2-3 mA). HSB (hue-saturation-brightness)-based colorimetric analysis was performed to quantify the time-dependent chromatic evolution, and a numerical fitting model was developed to map charge accumulation to color shifts. Using this calibration, the color response at microampere-level photocurrents-corresponding to real zero-bias UV operation-can be predicted. The resulting model enables estimation of the cumulative time required for the ionochromic cell to transition from red to purple under realistic UV intensities. By combining self-powered sensing with predictive colorimetric modeling, this work significantly enhances the functionality of battery-free UV indicators, enabling quantitative dose measurement without external electronics for safer food-supply-chain monitoring.
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