Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41899925›Full record

ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2026

A Novel Belief Propagation-Based Probabilistic Multiple Hypothesis Tracking Algorithm for Multiple Resolvable Group Targets.

Tianli Ma, Peiling Shi, Sai Liu, Peng Wang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Bayesian Networks and Causal Discovery.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Tianli MaSchool of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1077-1656
Peiling ShiSchool of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.
Sai LiuChina International Engineering Consulting Corporation, Beijing 100089, China.
Peng WangSchool of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A key challenge in multiple group target tracking is to maintain consistent data association in the presence of dynamic evolutions, i.e., splitting and merging. This paper proposes a Belief Propagation-based Multiple Hypothesis Tracking framework. The measurements are partitioned by using the Minimum Spanning Tree divisive clustering algorithm. A factor graph model is then constructed for the association hypotheses between group targets and measurements, followed by the inference of marginal posterior association probabilities via the Belief Propagation. These probabilities are finally integrated into an Expectation-Maximization framework, and the group states are updated by maximizing the expected log-likelihood function. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly higher accuracy in the joint estimation of kinematic states and target cardinality compared to the PMHT-based, PHD-based, and JPDA-based algorithms.

Indexed as

belief propagationminimum spanning treemultiple group targetsprobabilistic multiple hypothesis tracking

Identifiers

PMID41899925
PMCPMC13025329

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.