Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41899907›Full record

ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Life as Counterfactual Geometry: An Adversarial Theory of Biological Function.

Călin Gheorghe Buzea, Florin Nedeff, Diana Mirilă, Valentin Nedeff, Maricel Agop, Lăcrămioara Ochiuz, Lucian Dobreci, Decebal Vasincu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Călin Gheorghe BuzeaNational Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, IFT Iași, 700050 Iași, Romania.ORCID 0000-0003-2791-3400
Florin NedeffDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.ORCID 0000-0003-3863-6904
Diana MirilăDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.ORCID 0000-0002-0922-740X
Valentin NedeffDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.
Maricel AgopDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.
Lăcrămioara OchiuzFaculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, 700115 Iași, Romania.ORCID 0000-0001-6447-0958
Lucian DobreciDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.
Decebal VasincuFaculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, 700115 Iași, Romania.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Living systems exhibit anticipation, adaptability, and resilience that cannot be fully explained by stimulus-response models, static homeostasis, or convergence-based optimization. This work addresses this gap by proposing a theoretical framework in which a central aspect of biological function is understood through the geometry and stability of distributions over unrealized but accessible future trajectories. We formalize these distributions as a

Indexed as

adaptive dynamicsadversarial stabilizationcounterfactual geometrydisease instabilityinformation geometrysystems medicine

Identifiers

PMID41899907
PMCPMC13025881

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.