Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41898888›Full record

ArticleGenes2026

Performance of the ForenSeq

Nayeli González-Ortiz, Mariano Guardado-Estrada, Nahum Zepeta-Flores, José Miguel Moreno-Ortiz, Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano, Héctor Rangel-Villalobos, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquez

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Nayeli González-OrtizLaboratorio de Ciencias Morfológico Forenses y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
Mariano Guardado-EstradaLaboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
Nahum Zepeta-FloresLaboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
José Miguel Moreno-OrtizInstituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0001-7555-9851
Adrián Ramírez-de-ArellanoInstituto de Investigación en Cáncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-6743-1054
Héctor Rangel-VillalobosInstituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico.
José Francisco Muñoz-ValleInstituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-2272-9260
José Alonso Aguilar-VelázquezLaboratorio de Ciencias Morfológico Forenses y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.

Funding

Secretaría de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación CF-2023-G-536
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundForensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) enables the inference of externally visible characteristics (EVCs) and biogeographic ancestry when conventional STR profiling is inconclusive. The ForenSeq™ Imagen kit (107 SNPs) integrates phenotype-, ancestry-, and Y-SNPs markers; however, its performance under partial genotyping conditions has not been systematically evaluated.

methodsNinety-four samples from a Mexican mestizo population were analyzed using the ForenSeq™ Imagen kit on the MiSeq FGx™ platform. Due to incomplete genotype recovery, 41 samples with >60% locus detection were selected for downstream analyses. Phenotype prediction was performed using the HIrisPlex-S model, and ancestry inference was assessed through principal component analysis. In silico simulations were conducted to evaluate locus-specific dropout effects.

resultsEye color prediction showed both reduced feasibility (68.3%) and lower overall accuracy (56.1%), primarily driven by systematic prediction failure when rs12913832 (

conclusionsFDP performance under partial genotyping reflects a trade-off between prediction feasibility and accuracy and depends on locus-specific integrity rather than overall genotype completeness. The ForenSeq™ Imagen kit shows robustness for ancestry, sex, hair, and skin prediction, although with variable accuracy, whereas eye color inference remains structurally vulnerable to drop out of high-impact variants. Evaluating FDP systems under realistic non-ideal conditions is essential to define their true operational limits and ensure scientifically robust and responsible implementation.

Indexed as

DNA FingerprintingForensic GeneticsGenotyping TechniquesDNAEye ColorFemaleGenotypeHair ColorHumansMaleMicrosatellite RepeatsPhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideSkin PigmentationDNAForenSeq imagen kitforensic DNA phenotypingperformanceprediction

Identifiers

PMID41898888
PMCPMC13026643

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.