Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41898859›Full record

ArticleGenes2026

Gene Expression Profiles of Inflammatory Mediators in Influenza A and B Virus Infections: Insights from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2020-2023).

Noorah A Alkubaisi, Mohamed A Farrag, Ibrahim M Aziz, Reem M Aljowaie, Fahad N Almajhdi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Genes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Noorah A AlkubaisiDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-8847-323X
Mohamed A FarragDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-5632-6750
Ibrahim M AzizDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-6970-5207
Reem M AljowaieDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad N AlmajhdiDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

King Saud University Waed Program (W25-52).
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectives

methodsNPA samples were collected from hospitalized patients presenting with fever (>38 °C) and respiratory symptoms. RNA was extracted using the QIAamp Viral RNA Kit, followed by RT-PCR for IAV (H1N1, A/H3N2) and IBV detection. Quantitative real-time PCR profiled mRNA expression of 17 cytokines/chemokines in IAV-positive (

resultsResults showed 17.11% IAV positivity (7.89% A/H1N1, 9.21% A/H3N2) and 5.26% IBV. A/H3N2 predominated, increasing from 6.67% (2020/21) to 12.30% (2022/23). Males had higher IAV rates (25.88% vs. 10.00% females,

conclusionsThese findings highlight subtype-specific inflammatory profiles and demographic disparities in Saudi Arabia, informing targeted interventions. Post-COVID resurgence underscores surveillance needs amid travel and gatherings. Insights into cytokine dynamics aid prognosis and therapeutics, emphasizing regional molecular monitoring for vaccine optimization and outbreak prevention.

Indexed as

Inflammation MediatorsInfluenza A virusInfluenza B virusInfluenza, HumanTranscriptomeAdolescentChildCytokinesFemaleHumansInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeMaleSaudi ArabiaSeasonsCytokinesInflammation Mediatorschemokinescytokinesgene expressioninfluenza viruses

Identifiers

PMID41898859
PMCPMC13025935

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.