ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
The Role of the TG2-GPR56 Complex in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) Aggression and Therapeutic Resistance.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most prevalent skin cancer diagnosed worldwide after basal cell carcinoma. CSCC represents a growing global public health challenge due to its higher potential of local invasion, recurrence, and metastasis. Incidence rates of cSCC are projected to increase due to rising exposures to risks factors. Ultraviolet light exposure is the primary cause, and lighter skin pigmentation, immunosuppressive conditions and skin phototype are the primary risk factors. CSCC typically presents as a red, scaly, flat lesion (in situ tumors) or a red, firm, raised lesion with scale or erosion (invasive tumors). Surgical excision remains the standard-of-care for localized cSCC and is often curative. Although, most patients achieve favorable outcomes, a subset of cSCC exhibits a highly aggressive and metastatic phenotype (postoperative recurrence rates are approximately 5%). Addressing the clinical challenge posed by these high-risk cases requires a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular drivers. This review examines the interaction between transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and the G-protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) as a pivotal driver of the aggressive cSCC phenotype. This molecular axis is particularly significant for its role in the maintenance of epidermal cancer stem (ECS) cells, which contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. While the definitive link between the TG2-GPR56 complex and systemic metastasis in cSCC is currently being elucidated, significant evidence from analogous malignancies and in vitro keratinocyte models provides a clear mechanistic roadmap for its involvement in tumor invasion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.