ArticleBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Refining the Multidimensional Measure of Coping for Adolescents: Psychometric Validation of a Short Form and Its Higher-Order Structure in Chinese Adolescents.
Article in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
How students cope with academic stress is crucial for learning and well-being. The Multidimensional Measure of Coping (MMC) provides a comprehensive hierarchical assessment of academic coping; however, its length and adaptive-maladaptive distinction may limit practical use and constrain a more differentiated understanding of academic coping. This study aimed to refine the MMC and propose a differentiated higher-order structure for the MMC-Short Form (MMC-SF). Data were drawn from three adolescent samples from Northwest China (2024-2025): an exploratory sample (N = 1342), a confirmatory sample (N = 2037; test-retest N = 367; 4 weeks), and a longitudinal sample (T1 N = 948; T2 N = 760 at 1 month; T3 N = 893 at 6 months). Psychometric analyses (item analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]) demonstrated that the 34-item MMC-SF reliably preserved the original 11-factor structure. Furthermore, a multi-method investigation integrating higher-order exploratory factor analysis and second-order CFA supported a hybrid higher-order structure, with proactive engagement and defensive disengagement as higher-order dimensions and escape coping as a distinct first-order factor. The predictive validity was examined in relation to academic self-efficacy and burnout. These findings support the reconceptualization of academic coping and provide a brief, psychometrically robust assessment tool.
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