ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2026
Impact of WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Handbook training on antibiotics prescribing knowledge among private primary care providers: a vignette-based, prep-post pilot study in Patna, India.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInappropriate antibiotic prescribing is a major concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly at the primary care level. The WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Handbook was introduced to promote rational antibiotic use, yet its real-world feasibility and potential impact remain underexplored. Our study evaluated the impact and usefulness of the WHO AWaRe Handbook training among private primary care providers (PCPs) in Patna, India.
methodsWe conducted a pre-post pilot study among 145 private PCPs (40 formal PCPs (FPs) and 105 informal PCPs (IPs) in Patna, India. Participants received training from an infectious disease physician on the WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Handbook. Antibiotic prescribing knowledge was assessed before and after the intervention using clinical vignettes for four conditions: acute diarrhea, urinary tract infection (UTI), cellulitis, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). An endline survey evaluated the perceived usefulness of the intervention. Changes in prescribing knowledge was analyzed using McNemar's test for paired data.
resultsThe intervention significantly reduced overall antibiotic prescribing knowledge for acute diarrhea (p = 0.0003) and UTI (p = 0.0113), with greater reductions among IPs. No significant changes were observed for cellulitis (p = 0.3692) or CAP (p = 0.7150). Watch-category antibiotic prescribing significantly decreased for acute diarrhea (p < 0.0001), with no significant changes for other conditions. IPs showed greater improvements overall compared to FPs. The majority of PCPs (75%; n = 107) rated the training as moderately or very useful.
conclusionTraining private PCPs using the WHO AWaRe Handbook improved antibiotic prescribing knowledge for some common conditions, particularly among IPs. Future research should combine training with strategies that address broader contextual barriers, alongside tailored reinforcement interventions, and longer-term follow-up.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.