ArticleImmunity & ageing : I & A2026
Immune reconstitution efficacy and the risk factors of immune non-responsiveness after combined antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 positive MSM and heterosexual population - a prospective cohort study.
Article in Immunity & ageing : I & A, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune reconstitution following combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) varies across populations and remains suboptimal in certain subgroups. This study assessed the trajectory and predictors of CD4+ T cell recovery among heterosexual (HET) and men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV-1 in Guangxi, China.
methodsA prospective cohort of 458 newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive individuals (244 HET and 214 MSM) was followed from 2015 to 2024. Generalized additive models (GAM) were applied to evaluate CD4+ T cell trends. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) generalized linear model (glm) estimated the posterior probability of immune recovery (Complete immune recovery (CIR), defined as two consecutive CD4+ T cell counts > 500 cells/µL after cART initiation.). Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for immune non-responsiveness.
resultsMedian CD4+ T cell counts increased from 346 to 700 cells/µL in the HET group and from 404 to 778 cells/µL in the MSM group. However, CD4+ T cells declined during the first year among HET, and counts remained below 500 cells/µL after four years, while MSM surpassed this threshold earlier. Those with baseline CD4+ T cell counts < 150 cells/µL failed to achieve complete immune reconstitution even after six years. The risk of immune non-response among those with CD4+ T cell percentage ≤ 20%, 20%-30%, and 30%-40% were 10.82 (95% confidential interval (CI): 7.54–15.64, P < 0.001), 0.68 (95%CI: 0.49–0.94, P < 0.023), and 0.06 (95%CI: 0.02–0.12, P < 0.0001) times higher than other groups. Longer cART duration was correlated with improved recovery. Key factors associated with lower probability of immune recovery included being age ≥ 50 years, absence of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (SMZ), heterosexual transmission, baseline CD4+ T cell < 350 cells/µL, and CD4+ T cell percentage ≤ 20%. Those who were divorced and those with shorter cART duration also exhibited reduced immune reconstitution rates.
conclusionsImmune recovery after cART was slower and less complete in HET individuals and those with low baseline CD4+ T cell counts and low baseline CD4+ T cell percentage. Early diagnosis, prompt initiation of cART, long-term treatment adherence, and SMZ prophylaxis were critical to optimize immune reconstitution, particularly in high-risk subgroups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.