ArticleMicrobial cell factories2026
Overcoming prokaryotic toxicity: a SUMO-fused secretory platform in Komagataella phaffii for high-yield production of phage holin Hol41.
Article in Microbial cell factories, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPhage holin Hol41 is a membrane protein with broad-spectrum antibacterial potential; however, its high hydrophobicity and prokaryotic expression toxicity severely limit its soluble expression and large-scale production.
resultsWe constructed a synthetic biology-driven secretory expression platform for Hol41 in Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii) by integrating small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion technology and the α-mating factor secretion pathway. This platform avoids prokaryotic toxicity by exploiting the structural differences between the cell membranes of K. phaffii and Escherichia coli. The SUMO tag combined with α-mating factor-mediated secretion enhances protein solubility, reduces toxicity, and inhibits Hol41 aggregation. After scale-up culture in a 2-L fermenter, the yield of SUMO-Hol41 reached 44.95 mg/L, with a yield coefficient (Yp/s) of 0.00843 mg protein/mg dry cell weight (DCW). MIC and MBC assays revealed that SUMO-Hol41 exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria among seven standard strains: the MIC values against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33,951 and Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49,619 were both 128 µg/mL (MBC: 256 µg/mL), and 64 µg/mL (MBC: 128 µg/mL) for Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29,212. Among Gram-negative bacteria, only Salmonella enteritidis S4 was susceptible (MIC: 128 µg/mL, MBC: 256 µg/mL). Moreover, the purified protein showed dose- and time-dependent antibacterial activity, whose inhibitory effect increased with elevated dosage and prolonged incubation time.
conclusionsThis study represents the first successful high-yield functional expression of phage holin Hol41 in K. phaffii. The established K. phaffii-SUMO fusion-secretion strategy effectively overcomes challenges of prokaryotic toxicity and poor solubility, providing a robust platform for developing novel antibacterial agents against drug-resistant bacteria.
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