ArticleBMC oral health2026
Fish bone and chitosan based nanogels in green dentistry: sustainable and eco-friendly biomimetic remineralizing agents for early enamel caries.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBiomimetic enamel reconstruction represents an innovative strategy in restorative dentistry and materials science, providing a biologically and eco-friendly inspired approach for managing early enamel caries. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralizing potential of organically derived biomimetic nanogels—chitosan nanogel (n-C) and fish bone nanogel (n-FB)—on demineralized enamel, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for semi-quantitative calcium/phosphate assessment.
methodsFifty-seven extracted primary molars were demineralized for 96 h. Three samples were used as the demineralized control group, while the remaining 54 were randomly assigned to three groups: [1] Artificial Saliva (AS) group—specimens incubated in artificial saliva at 37 °C for seven days; [2] Nano-Fish Bone (n-FB) group—n-FB gel applied once daily for five minutes, rinsed, then incubated in refreshed artificial saliva; [3] Nano-Chitosan (n-C) group—n-C gel applied similarly. Specimens were analysed using SEM and EDX for surface morphology and elemental Ca/P ratio, and data were statistically analysed.
resultsBoth biomimetic nanogels significantly reversed the demineralization effects, showing enamel prism reformation. For the calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio, the highest mean value was recorded in the AS group (2.77 ± 0.06), followed by the NC group (2.58 ± 0.61), the n-C group (2.45 ± 0.18), and the lowest in the n-FB group (2.19 ± 0.38). ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups (P = 0.020). The n-C group and n-FB produced a more uniform and well-mineralized surface structure closest to normal enamel.
conclusionsBoth nanogels provided enhanced remineralization, however, nano–fish bone exhibited more uniform surface morphology and significantly higher phosphate levels than nano–chitosan, suggesting a comparatively greater remineralization potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.