Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41896397›Full record

ArticleCommunications medicine2026

Socioeconomic status and migration background as predictors of complicated lower respiratory tract infections in primary care.

Ernst D van Dokkum, Naomi Kraaijenbrink, Saskia Le Cessie, Martijn Sijbom, Adriënne S van der Schoor, Leo G Visser, Cees van Nieuwkoop, Hanneke Borgdorff

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Article in Communications medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ernst D van DokkumDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. e.d.van_dokkum@lumc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-2583-2892
Naomi KraaijenbrinkDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Saskia Le CessieDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Martijn SijbomDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Adriënne S van der SchoorDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leo G VisserLUCID, Subdepartment of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-9782
Cees van NieuwkoopDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-0844
Hanneke BorgdorffDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEvidence on risk factors for a complicated course of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in primary care remains limited and often consensus based. While socioeconomic status (SES) and migration background have been linked to complicated LRTIs in population-based studies, their predictive value in primary care remains unclear. Consequently, these factors are not incorporated within current guidelines, which may contribute to health inequalities. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the added value of SES and migration background as predictive factors of a complicated course of LRTIs in primary care.

methodsRoutine care data from Dutch general practices participating in the Extramural LUMC Academic Network database (Leiden-The Hague-Zoetermeer region) from 2014 to 2023, excluding COVID-19 years, was linked to sociodemographic and hospital claims data from Statistic Netherlands. Adults presenting with LRTI complaints were included (n = 145,445). Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to predict 30-day hospitalisation or death following LRTI. Models included conventional risk factors with SES and migration background subsequently added.

resultsIn this study we show that after adjusting for conventional clinical factors, SES is a strong predictor of a complicated course of LRTI, whereas migration background is not. Patients in the lowest SES category have an adjusted odds ratio of 1.46 (95%CI: 1.31 - 1.62) for a complicated course compared to the highest.

conclusionsSES is a strong predictor of a complicated course of LRTI in primary care, even after adjusting for conventional risk factors. The incorporation of SES into clinical decision tools and guidelines has the potential to enhance risk-stratification of patients with LRTI in daily practice of primary care, thereby supporting more equitable care.

Identifiers

PMID41896397
PMCPMC13194730

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