ArticleHigh blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension2026
Prognostic Value of Albumin/Globulin Ratio for Mortality in Stage 2 Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis (1999-2018).
Article in High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents a complex interplay of metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease, with stage 2 characterized by metabolic risk factors and subclinical organ damage. The albumin/globulin ratio (AGR), which integrates inflammatory and nutritional status, has shown prognostic value in chronic diseases; however, its role in stage 2 CKM syndrome remains unexplored.
aimTo evaluate the prognostic value of AGR for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality among adults with stage 2 CKM syndrome.
methodsThis nationwide cohort analysis included 13,148 adults with stage 2 CKM syndrome from NHANES (1999-2018). Participants were categorized by AGR levels (≤ 1.286, 1.286-1.500, > 1.500). Mortality outcomes were ascertained through linkage to the National Death Index up to 2019. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations between AGR and mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors.
resultsHigher AGR levels demonstrated significant inverse associations with mortality. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship for all-cause mortality (P for overall < 0.01), characterized by a threshold effect whereby mortality risk increased significantly when AGR fell below approximately 1.4. Compared to the lowest AGR group, the highest group (> 1.500) showed 35% lower all-cause mortality (HR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.80), 47% lower cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.84), and 45% lower cancer mortality (HR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84). Subgroup analysis showed that the predictive role of AGR was particularly evident in males, individuals < 65 years, current smokers, and those who were non-overweight (BMI < 25 kg/m
conclusionAGR is a robust, independent predictor of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in adults with stage 2 CKM syndrome. The association with all-cause mortality exhibits a significant threshold effect, highlighting the importance of maintaining AGR above approximately 1.4. These findings support the use of AGR for early risk stratification and personalized management in this population.
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