Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41892453›Full record

ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Inhaled Ciprofloxacin as an Alternative Treatment for Infection with

Rachel E Ireland, Kevin R Bewley, M Gill Hartley, Karleigh A Hamblin, Stuart J Armstrong, Michelle Nelson, Thomas R Laws, Isobel H Norville, Francisco J Salguero, James D Blanchard and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Rachel E IrelandDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
Kevin R BewleyUK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9078-6734
M Gill HartleyDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7066-4767
Karleigh A HamblinDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
Stuart J ArmstrongDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5628-0481
Michelle NelsonDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
Thomas R LawsDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0142-9162
Isobel H NorvilleDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
Francisco J SalgueroUK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
James D BlanchardAradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-6793-917X
Francis DaytonAradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
Igor GondaAradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5206-794X
Helen S AtkinsDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
Sarah V HardingDefence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.

Funding

Defence Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) & UK Ministry of Defence HDTRA1-12-D-0003-0018
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesQ fever, caused by

methodsTwo inhaled ciprofloxacin formulations (Lipoquin

resultsPharmacokinetic analysis confirmed sustained lung concentrations of inhaled ciprofloxacin, supporting once-daily dosing. Inhaled Lipoquin and Apulmiq significantly reduced clinical signs, weight loss, splenomegaly, and pulmonary bacterial burden compared to untreated controls and doxycycline-treated mice. Histopathology revealed decreased lung inflammation and lesion severity following inhalational dosing. Systemic ciprofloxacin slightly reduced splenic bacterial burden but was less effective in controlling pulmonary infection.

conclusionsInhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin demonstrated superior protection and reduced respiratory manifestations of Q fever compared to doxycycline and systemic ciprofloxacin. These findings suggest inhaled formulations may represent a viable alternative for the treatment of Q fever pneumonia. Further studies are needed to evaluate clinical applicability and long-term outcomes.

Indexed as

antimicrobial therapyinhaled antibioticsmouse modelQ feverrespiratory infection

Identifiers

PMID41892453
PMCPMC13023824

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.