Stabilin‑1: An immunoregulatory scavenger receptor in inflammation and tissue homeostasis (Review).

Inflammatory dysregulation and tissue homeostatic imbalance are the fundamental pathological mechanisms underlying the progression of various types of chronic disease, and identifying key regulatory molecules is important for achieving effective anti‑inflammatory therapeutic goals. Stabilin‑1, an immunoregulatory scavenger receptor, regulates inflammation and tissue homeostasis in multiple ways. In the field of innate immunity, Stabilin‑1 acts as a monocyte‑recruiting factor through the interaction of fibronectin with its extracellular fasciclin domain and mediates the polarization of macrophages to M2‑type cells. In addition, its extracellular epidermal growth factor‑like domain can recognize and interact with phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells, and bind to its corresponding Gulp1 adapter molecules, activating downstream signalling pathways and making the clearance of these apoptotic cells possible. It can also specifically recognize and take up oxidative stress products, such as oxidized low‑density lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide, inhibiting the activation of any proinflammatory signal transduction pathway. In adaptive immune regulation, Stabilin‑1 can inhibit the T‑helper cell (Th)1 type immune response and regulate the Th2 type immune response. The inflammatory microenvironment induces the synthesis of Stabilin‑1 and its surface localization on blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, mediating the transendothelial migration of immune cells such as regulatory T cells and B cells to regulate the intensity of immune responses. Stabilin‑1 has regulatory functions in different diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chronic liver disease, viral myocarditis, infection, sepsis and tumours. The present review discusses the role of Stabilin‑1 as an immunomodulatory scavenger receptor in inflammatory microenvironments and tissue homeostasis, providing novel theoretical support and potential therapeutic targets for the targeted treatment of inflammation‑related diseases.