ReviewJournal of applied biomedicine2026
Walking the tightrope: Balancing immune checkpoints and their inhibitors in host defence against bacterial infections.
Review in Journal of applied biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are one of the mechanisms that maintain the balance between immunotolerance and immunopathology. These mechanisms are often exploited by tumour cells. Thanks to extensive global testing of anticancer drugs, a revolutionary cancer therapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been developed. Some pathogens exploit regulatory checkpoint interactions, contributing to the establishment of hidden, long-term, or persistent infections in which the host is unable to eliminate the pathogen. However, a structured overview of immune checkpoint involvement in bacterial infections remains underrepresented in the current scientific literature. We conducted a literature review focusing on the documented role of selected immune checkpoints (specifically PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT) during infections of humans and animals with clinically relevant bacterial pathogens from the Actinobacteria, Chlamydiae, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetae phyla. The current state of knowledge suggests that applied research into immune checkpoints and the controlled use of ICIs has great potential to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of serious human bacterial infections.
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41891552What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.