Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41891457›Full record

ArticleEpidemiology and infection2026

Inequalities in complete pneumococcal vaccination among Peruvian children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: An evaluation using demographic and health surveys from 2018 to 2023.

Brayan E Gonzales, Theresa J Ochoa, Marianne A B van der Sande

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Brayan E GonzalesDepartment of Public Health, https://ror.org/03xq4x896Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3059-6736
Theresa J OchoaInstituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, https://ror.org/03yczjf25Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Marianne A B van der SandeDepartment of Public Health, https://ror.org/03xq4x896Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study assessed changes in complete pneumococcal vaccination coverage (CPVC) among Peruvian children <5 years before and after the COVID 19 pandemic and evaluated regional differences, associated sociodemographic factors and wealth-related inequality. 2018-2023 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) was analyzed. CPVC was defined as receiving the full 2 + 1 schedule of the 13 valent pneumococcal vaccine. Children aged 13-60 months were included. Multivariable analysis used modified Poisson regression and wealth related inequality was assessed using the Concentration index and Erreygers's corrected Concentration index at national and regional levels. Among 95,586 children, CPVC decreased from 71.9% in 2019 to 69.4% in 2020 (

Indexed as

COVID-19Pneumococcal InfectionsPneumococcal VaccinesVaccination CoverageChild, PreschoolFemaleHealth SurveysHumansInfantMalePeruSocioeconomic Disparities in HealthSocioeconomic FactorsPneumococcal VaccinesCOVID-19inequalitiesPCV13Peruvaccination coverage

Identifiers

PMID41891457
PMCPMC13100934

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.